Hag-Riding: The Witchcraft That Came in the Night
The old belief that witches could visit the living in their sleep, pin them down and leave them terrified by morning.
Imagine waking in the darkness, conscious of your surroundings but unable to move.
Something presses upon your chest. You struggle to cry out, yet no sound comes. Perhaps you sense a presence beside the bed — or see a familiar face watching you from the shadows.
For centuries, experiences such as these could be interpreted as something far more sinister than a bad dream.
In parts of Britain, people believed they had been visited during the night by a witch or supernatural hag.
The experience was known as hag-riding.
It was not simply a frightening tale told beside the fire. In the West Country, this belief could have very real consequences, sometimes leading to accusations of witchcraft and physical attacks upon those suspected of causing the torment.
What was hag-riding?
Hag-riding, sometimes called hagging, was the belief that a witch or malevolent night visitor could attack someone while they slept. Victims might describe a crushing weight upon the chest, difficulty breathing, an inability to move and the terrifying sensation that another being was present.
The word nightmare itself has older associations with this nocturnal oppression — the feeling of being held down or crushed by an unseen force.
In some traditions, the attacker was imagined as an old woman or hag sitting upon the sleeper's chest.
Elsewhere, the experience was blamed on a living person believed to possess harmful supernatural powers.
The details varied, but the fear was much the same: something had come in the night, and the victim had been powerless to stop it.
A presence in the darkness
Today, some of these descriptions sound remarkably like sleep paralysis, a recognised sleep phenomenon that can occur as a person is falling asleep or waking.
The mind becomes conscious while the body's temporary muscle paralysis associated with dreaming has not yet lifted.
The person may be unable to move or speak, feel pressure upon their chest, or sense an intruder in the room. Some even see frightening figures or shadows.
Although sleep paralysis is understood today as a sleep-related phenomenon, it can feel extraordinarily real.
Across different cultures, similar experiences have been interpreted as visits from spirits, demons, witches or other supernatural beings.
It would be too simple to say that every historical account of hag-riding was a case of sleep paralysis.
We cannot know exactly what happened in every instance.
But the similarities help us understand how a frightening experience could be interpreted through the beliefs of the time.
For someone who believed witchcraft was a real threat, waking unable to move and feeling a presence nearby might seem compelling evidence of an attack.
The experience could be terrifying; the explanation depended upon the world in which the person lived.
When the nightmare became witchcraft
In popular belief, witches were feared not only for supposedly causing illness or misfortune, but for tormenting people through supernatural means.
Hag-riding made this threat intensely personal: the supposed witch entered the bedroom and attacked the victim in their most vulnerable moments.
If frightening nights continued, a person might come to believe they recognised the attacker.
Existing quarrels, local suspicions or a neighbour's reputation could reinforce that conviction.
What began as a terrifying experience in the darkness might spill into daylight, becoming an accusation of witchcraft — sometimes with serious consequences.
Historian Owen Davies has documented cases of hag-riding accusations in nineteenth-century West Country England, showing that these beliefs survived long after the great period of witch trials had passed.
Charms against the hag
If the danger was believed to arrive at night, protection had to be close at hand.
One object associated with this folklore was the hag-stone — a naturally occurring stone with a hole through it.
Such stones were hung near beds or in stables, where they were believed to guard against nocturnal attacks.
Horses that appeared exhausted or had tangled manes might also be thought to have been hag-ridden.
Prayers and other protective charms could offer reassurance, too.
A familiar bedtime prayer was not merely a comforting ritual; it might also be understood as a defence against unseen dangers.
These customs belonged to a wider tradition of protective folklore, and not every charm was used specifically against hag-riding.
Their meanings varied between places and periods, but they reveal how seriously people could take the threat of supernatural harm.
Hag-riding in Victorian Somerset
It is easy to imagine that belief in witches disappeared with the witch trials. Yet folklore rarely vanishes so neatly.
Historian Owen Davies identified at least six court cases involving assaults connected with hag-riding accusations in Somerset and Dorset between 1852 and 1875.
These reports offer a remarkable glimpse into a world where a belief in supernatural attack could still influence real behaviour.
One particularly striking case reached the newspapers in January 1875.
At Weston-super-Mare, 72-year-old widow Hester Adams was brought before the magistrates after attacking Maria Pring, whom she believed had been tormenting her and her husband at night. Adams described the supposed visitor as appearing spiritually rather than coming bodily, and believed that drawing blood would break the spell.
When asked in court what she meant by hag-riding, Adams described it as a person coming to terrify others at night.
The case attracted attention well beyond Somerset, with newspapers reporting on a belief many readers considered an astonishing survival from an earlier age.
Yet for Adams, this was no mere old wives' tale. She believed she was under supernatural attack and acted against the person she held responsible.
The 1875 case was not the only example found in contemporary reports.
A Dorset case from 1871 also involved an accusation of hag-riding, in which a young man and an elderly woman were involved.
Together, these reports show that the belief was not confined to one extraordinary incident.
The last newspaper trail: Somerset, 1929
Nor had the belief entirely disappeared by the end of the Victorian era.
In 1929, a dispute between the Sheppard and Lock families on the Somerset peat moors, between Langport and Aller, led to another accusation of hag-riding.
Following a series of misfortunes, George Sheppard accused Reuben Lock and his wife of being responsible for the nocturnal torment.
This is the latest example I have so far found in the British Newspaper Archive.
It does not prove that hag-riding belief ended in 1929, but it offers a remarkable glimpse of an old supernatural explanation surviving into the twentieth century.
From frightening experiences in the night to protective stones, accusations of witchcraft and disputes brought into the public eye, hag-riding reveals how deeply folklore could shape people's understanding of the unexplained.
The hag might have been invisible to everyone else, but for those who believed they had been ridden in the night, the fear — and sometimes the consequences — were very real.
© PJW
Image - PJW Artworks
Newspaper Articles - British Newspaper Archives 1875











